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Blue whales Balaenoptera musculus at South Georgia were heavily exploited during 20th century industrial whaling, to the point of local near-extirpation. Although legal whaling for blue whales ceased in the 1960s…
Around 176500 whales were killed in the sub-Antarctic waters off South Georgia (South Atlantic) between 1904 and 1965. In recent decades, whales have once again become summer visitors, with the southern right whale (SRW) the most commonly reported species until 2011. Here…
During the summer of 2021, we conducted a comprehensive study on zooplankton communities along East Antarctica (55°E to 80°E) as part of the Trends in Euphausiids off Mawson, Predators, and Oceanography (TEMPO) survey program.
Antarctica is one of Earth's most untouched, inhospitable, and poorly known regions. Although knowledge of its biodiversity has increased over recent decades, a diverse, wide-ranging…
Background … The Antarctic is an extreme environment for plants. Several invasive plant species, however, have invaded the sub-Antarctic Southern Ocean islands and increasingly threaten the vulnerability of maritime and continental Antarctica, particularly with changes in climate.
Since 2001, hundreds of thousands of hours of underwater acoustic recordings have been made throughout the Southern Ocean south of 60° S. Detailed analysis of the occurrence of marine mammal sounds in these circumpolar recordings could provide novel insights into their ecology…
Photo-identifications of Antarctic blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus intermedia) collected from 2003/2004 to 2018/2019 were used in a capture-recapture analysis to estimate abundance and population growth rate for the circumpolar Antarctic. Two capture-recapture models, POPAN and Pradel…
For decades, neutron monitors have been the primary source of ground-level data for studying cosmic rays with rigidities slightly above the geomagnetic cutoff. The NM64 instrument design, the standard for neutron monitors, has been optimized to monitor neutrons produced in atmospheric cascades.
Heard Island and McDonald Islands (HIMI) are an external Territory of Australia, located approximately 4000 kilometres southwest of Australia in the southern Indian Ocean.
The Galactic cosmic ray spectrum manifests pronounced variations over the 11-year sunspot cycle and more subtle variations over the 22-year solar magnetic cycle.
The Galactic cosmic ray spectrum manifests pronounced variations over the 11-year sunspot cycle and more subtle variations over the 22-year solar magnetic cycle.
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) are a key component of the Antarctic food web with considerable lipid reserves that are vital for their health and higher predator survival. Krill lipids are primarily derived from their diet of plankton, in particular diatoms and flagellates.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a long-lived potent greenhouse gas and stratospheric ozone-depleting substance that has been accumulating in the atmosphere since the preindustrial period. The mole fraction of atmospheric N2O has increased by nearly 25?% from 270?ppb (parts per billion) in 1750 to 336?
We assess the Southern Ocean CO2 uptake (1985–2018) using data sets gathered in the Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes Project Phase 2. The Southern Ocean acted as a sink for CO2 with close agreement between simulation results from global ocean biogeochemistry models (GOBMs, 0.75 ± 0.
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies…
The grey rockcod, Lepidonotothen squamifrons is an important prey species for seals, penguins and Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) in the Southern Ocean. Across the Kerguelen Plateau, the species was fished to commercial extinction (ca. 152 000 tonnes between 1971 and 1978)…
Polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE) have been observed for more than 30 years with 50?MHz VHF radars at various locations in the Northern Hemisphere. Continuous observation of PMSE is conducted on the northern Norwegian island of Andøya (69.3°?N) using the ALWIN radar (1999–2008) and MAARSY…
The Galactic cosmic-ray spectrum manifests pronounced variations over the 11 yr sunspot cycle and more subtle variations over the 22 yr solar magnetic cycle. An important tool to study these variations is repeated latitude surveys with neutron monitors (NMs)…
Individuals in isolated and extreme environments can experience debilitating side-effects including significant decreases in fat-free mass (FFM) from disuse and inadequate nutrition. The objective of this study was to determine the strengths and weaknesses of three-dimensional optical (3DO)…
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) aggregations are important in the Southern Ocean ecosystem; however, the amount of energy that krill swarms contain is unknown. We assessed the population structure of E.
Invasive alien insects are an important yet understudied component of the general threat that biological invasions pose to biodiversity.
The additional water from the Antarctic ice sheet and ice shelves due to climate-induced melt can impact ocean circulation and global climate. However, the major processes driving melt are not adequately represented in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) models. Here…
Over the past decade, Greenland has experienced several extreme melt events, the most pronounced ones in the years 2010, 2012 and 2019. With progressing climate change, such extreme melt events can be expected to occur more frequently and potentially become more severe and persistent. So far…
Large earthquakes in the vicinity of Antarctica have the potential to cause postseismic viscoelastic deformation affecting measurements of displacement that are used to constrain models of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). In November 2013, a Mw 7.