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We evaluate atmospheric ionization during the Ground Level Enhancement (GLE) of 2005 Jan 20 using the continuous slowing down (CSD) energy loss approximation [1,2]. The top-of-atmosphere particle flux is derived using satellite measurements (for particle energies below 500MeV)…
We evaluate atmospheric ionization during the Ground Level Enhancement (GLE) of 2005 Jan 20 using two methods: a Monte-Carlo (MC) air-shower simulation [1] and a continuous slowing down (CSD) energy loss approximation [2,3]. For both methods…
Techniques are presented for generating thermal infrared and … visible composite images from cloud-free portions of MODIS … (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) images … closely spaced in time, with a focus on studies of landfast sea … ice along the East Antarctic coast.
This paper presents details of techniques for generating … thermal infrared and visible composite images from the … cloud-free portions of temporally closely spaced MODerate resolution … Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images…
Atmospheric ionization during Solar Proton Events (SPE) has traditionally … been modeled using top-of-atmosphere (TOA) particle fluxes measured by near- … Earth spacecraft, and as a consequence the modeling has been restricted to … particle energies below ¡ 500 MeV. However…
This paper presents results on modeling the ground-level response of the higher energy protons for the 2005 … January 20 ground-level enhancement (GLE). This event, known as GLE 69, produced the highest intensity of relativistic … solar particles since the famous event on 1956 February 23.
Atmospheric ionization by solar protons has traditionally been … modeled using top-of-atmosphere (TOA) particle fluxes measured … by near-Earth spacecraft, and as a consequence have been … restricted to particle energies below ~500 MeV. However…
Extreme solar processes at the Sun on 2001April 15 accelerated protons to relativistic energies, resulting in a groundlevel … enhancement in cosmic rays observed at Earth. The GOES 10 spacecraft measured the proton flux directly…
On 20 January 2005 the sun produced the highest intensity of relativistic … solar particles observed at Earth in 50 years. The sea-level increase at Terre Adelie … (~46 X in 1 minute data) was slightly less than in 1956 (Leeds ~47 X in 15 minute … data).
Although satellite passive-microwave remote sensing is the main source of global sea-ice … information, the data products have never been adequately validated for East Antarctic … conditions.
A second orchid species, Nematoceras … sulcatum M.A.Clem. et D.L.Jones, has been found on … subantarctic Macquarie Island. A history of its discovery … and recognition is provided. The morphology, biology and ecology of the new species are compared … with N. dienemum (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones, M.A.Clem.