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The mid- to high-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere are dominated by the westerly winds. These are important because changes in their strength determine precipitation and temperature regimes. However, little is known about their past strength, or spatial and temporal variability.
We evaluate atmospheric ionization during the Ground Level Enhancement (GLE) of 2005 Jan 20 using the continuous slowing down (CSD) energy loss approximation [1,2]. The top-of-atmosphere particle flux is derived using satellite measurements (for particle energies below 500MeV)…
We evaluate atmospheric ionization during the Ground Level Enhancement (GLE) of 2005 Jan 20 using two methods: a Monte-Carlo (MC) air-shower simulation [1] and a continuous slowing down (CSD) energy loss approximation [2,3]. For both methods…
Atmospheric ionization during Solar Proton Events (SPE) has traditionally … been modeled using top-of-atmosphere (TOA) particle fluxes measured by near- … Earth spacecraft, and as a consequence the modeling has been restricted to … particle energies below ¡ 500 MeV. However…
This paper presents results on modeling the ground-level response of the higher energy protons for the 2005 … January 20 ground-level enhancement (GLE). This event, known as GLE 69, produced the highest intensity of relativistic … solar particles since the famous event on 1956 February 23.
Atmospheric ionization by solar protons has traditionally been … modeled using top-of-atmosphere (TOA) particle fluxes measured … by near-Earth spacecraft, and as a consequence have been … restricted to particle energies below ~500 MeV. However…
Extreme solar processes at the Sun on 2001April 15 accelerated protons to relativistic energies, resulting in a groundlevel … enhancement in cosmic rays observed at Earth. The GOES 10 spacecraft measured the proton flux directly…
On 20 January 2005 the sun produced the highest intensity of relativistic … solar particles observed at Earth in 50 years. The sea-level increase at Terre Adelie … (~46 X in 1 minute data) was slightly less than in 1956 (Leeds ~47 X in 15 minute … data).
Integrated metamorphic and geochronological data place new … constraints on the metamorphic evolution of a Neoproterozoic … orogen in east Antarctica. Granulite-facies rocks from a 150 km … stretch of the Kemp Land coast reflect peak conditions involving … T870^9908C at P74^10 kbar…
At Rumdoodle Peak, near Mawson Base, east Antarctica, an enclave of metasedimentary granulite is enclosed in the Mawson Charnockite, an extensive c. 960 Ma intrusion. The enclave contains a disrupted layer of black spinel-orthopyroxene-phlogopite gneiss, which was truncated by a quartz-rich vein.