Field measurements of carbon dioxide exchange of the Antarctic lichen Usnea sphacelata in the frozen state. Home> Scientific research> Publications> Biology> Field measurements of carbon dioxide exchange of the Antarctic lichen Usnea sphacelata in the frozen state. Summary Authors:Kappen L. Published in: 1989 Category 1: Peer-reviewed literature Program area: Biology Kappen L. (1989) Field measurements of carbon dioxide exchange of the Antarctic lichen Usnea sphacelata in the frozen state, Antarctic Science 1(1). 31-34; This content was last updated 8 months ago on 20 February 2026.